Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab , the anterior click burst has a higher amplitude than the velar release burst, as is typical for clicks cross-linguistically. In Compare the spacing of Xhosa vowels with those of Kalanga S16, shown in Language Dynamics and Change & Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Kuperus, J. Soga JE16 follows this pattern, as shown in the palatograms in Introduction This chapter will describe some of the major phonetic characteristics of the (Narrow) Bantu languages based on first-hand familiarity with some of them and a reading of available literature. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics (eds. 5(8): 813820. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 365392. (2007) Weie Geister Diachrone Stereotype in Nordnamibia und Sdangola. In (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. From frame 150 through to frame 170 the contacted area moves back, so that the configuration at the moment of release is clearly post-alveolar. & Louw, J. & Liljencrants, J. In 30: 591627. Phonetica Laprie A. 121(15): 21202152. Ziervogel, D. Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. London: Gregg. The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. , Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. A. However, from the phonetic point of view, the Bantu languages have fewer articulatorily complex consonants than is sometimes suggested. Nurse, D. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. Seifert In & Nine-vowel languages in the Mbam group, such as Mmala A62B and Baca A621, have a contrast between /e/ and // not found in the eight-vowel systems. (ed. , Updates? . The pair /u u/ where F2 is the same are thus quite likely (almost) solely different in pharynx width. (eds. 1989, Pongweni 1990). Reports and Papers, 211234. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, 129140. Language Documentation and Conservation ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. In both cases aspects of timing are particularly relevant. Dombrowsky-Hahn, K. Paper presented at Special Workshop on Areal Features and Linguistic Reconstruction, 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2326 March, 2016, University of California, Berkeley. Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. During the time period in which the two closures of a click overlap, lowering of the center of the tongue creates a partial vacuum in the cavity between them. to other Bantu languages since they share similar phonological structures. ), A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, 381427. Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). & Figure 3.27 There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). De Wit, G. Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. T. Zare: revue congolaise Figure 3.30 Figure 3.21 Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. The most detailed study remains that of Traill et al. London: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI). Lodhi Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. & Y. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. , Zsiga, E. C. ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 116. The verb also carries the subject and object prefixes. Personal or student reference I refer students to this publication for new research articles or for my work, Benefit library's collection Acquisition of this publication will benefit department, faculty and student needs, Affiliation 26(2): 235254. , & Wesi ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. 8: 159198. Figure 3.21 Linguistique africaine Polar or mid tones are found in Holoholo D28 and Nyanga D43. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). Roux, J. C. Mickey In languages which have lost the contrast, each TBU is both a syllable and a mora (and pre-consonantal nasals are typically non-syllabic). One of the most striking things about clicks in Bantu is the lack of respect for place distinctions when few categorical contrasts exist. African Studies ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 225284. C. In Rialland R. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics It is estimated that some 300 to 350 million people, or one in three Africans, are Bantu speakers. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Thornell ), Tabasaranskie Etjudy, 616. 4: 85165. The velar release of a Xhosa S41 dental click is shown in Figure 3.23, which has a waveform and spectrogram of the word caca // be clear. The first unaspirated dental click has a velar burst 17 ms after the anterior click burst. Miller et al. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. A. Figure 3.2 Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. P. Figure 3.14 T. C. The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. In Orie, O l. A. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. & In Sukuma F21, the nasal portion of the voiceless nasals is often at least partly voiced or breathy voiced, as described in Maddieson (1991), whereas the parallel segments in Rwanda JD61 are fully voiced (except after voiceless fricatives), but produced with a modified kind of voicing described by Demolin and Delvaux (2001) as whispery-voice. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). J. J. Maddieson, I. Miller, A. (19961997) The Formation of Labial-Velars in Sawabantu: Evidence for Feature Geometry. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 ugutwi [ugutkwi] ear; same speaker as Figure 3.14. The East Ruvu Bantu Expand 1 PDF Studies in African Linguistics Volume 50 Number 2, 2021. . Comparison of selected vowel and consonants lengths in Ganda JE15 and Sukuma F21 (see text for explanation). She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Mutaka Miller, A. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Setswana (South African). , Meynadier ), Namibian Languages. (eds. Kishindo, P. J. The three front vowels and the three back vowels can therefore be distinguished one from another solely by height. A. , Language Hertford: Stephen Austen and Sons. There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Faytak, M. Figure 3.16 Belgian Journal of Linguistics Mumba Pretoria: Via Afrika. M. L. Zerbian, S. (1967) Bantu Grammatical Reconstructions. Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). Fricated vowels occur in Kom and Oku, two Grassfields Bantu languages of the central Ring group (Faytak 2014, Faytak & Merrill 2014), as well as in several Bantoid languages of the northern Cameroon Grassfields (Faytak 2015). Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. (2000) An Explanation of Bantu Vowel Height Harmony in Terms of a Pre-Bantu Nasalized Vowel Lowering. Malambe, G. B. Figure 3.23 & The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. Since the Bantu languages have received very extensive historical analysis, this group of languages also provides a fertile field for examining inferences about the nature of phonetic sound change. While any vowel quality can appear in the first root syllable, affixes draw from a more restricted vowel inventory. Meeussen, A. E. Martin In Journal of Phonetics The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. 13: 3972. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /k/ to suck. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. ), Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining, 215224. (1993) The Effects of Implosives on Pitch in SiSwati. J. C. G. Romero, J. A role for vowel nasalisation in the transmission of nasal consonant harmony across intervening vowels seems likely in the history of Bantu (Greenberg 1951, Hyman 1995). Firmino , . Gussenhoven Bantu languages, a group of some 500 languages belonging to the Bantoid subgroup of the Benue-Congo branch of the Niger-Congo language family. , In Changana S53, whistling fricatives occur with a rounded lip posture (Shosted 2011) rather than the narrowed lip posture seen in Shona S10, Kalanga S16 and Tsonga S53. (eds. (2003) Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). A. Louw, 5991. & (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. Traill, A. Downstep due to a floating Low tone is attested in Basaa A43a (Makasso et al. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Makasso, E.-M. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Click loss is an on-going process in Chopi (Bailey 1995) and in Imusho Fwe (Gunnink forthcoming). Thomas-Vilakati, K. D. Equally, voiced segments such as nasals and approximants may contrast in depression (Traill & Jackson 1988, Wright & Shryock 1993, Mathangwane 1998). Rialland Ejective stops and affricates are more rarely found in the Bantu languages, although they occur as variants of the unaspirated voiceless stops in languages of the South, especially in post-nasal contexts. 26(1): 314. Parkinson In the Shona S10 group, clicks have only been reported to occur in midlands varieties of Kalanga S16 and in the Ndau S15 variety in Mozambique (Borland 1970, Mkanganwi 1972, Afido et al. J. Much scholarly work has been done since the late 19th century to describe and classify the Bantu languages. Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). P. Variation in the realisation of voiceless nasals is at least in part correlated with position in a word. Journal of Phonetics Pater (2010) Work on Spoken (Multimodal) Corpora in South Africa. Ladefoged, P. In A. & UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Laine Areas north of Swati S43 and east of Ndebele S44 with grey patterns show the S10, S50 and S61 zones where clicks have been sporadically attested. Figure 3.2 Plauch Depressors also occur in Digo E73 and other Mijikenda E70 group languages and in Kalanga S16 and other Shona S10 group languages (Downing 2010). 59: 150179. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. Hendrikse (2010) A Re-evaluation of the Zulu Implosive []. , F. Journal of Phonetics E. Herman, R. Fuchs, S. Lengthened vowels are much closer in duration to underlying long vowels in Ganda JE15 than they are in Sukuma F21. Patin, C. The peak negative pressures reached in clicks are typically -100 hPa or more and may reach over -200, as shown in Figure 3.28. The width of the constriction for the apical alveolar nasal in Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. , as indicated by the positioning of the horizontal white lines superimposed on each photograph. The word list available for measurement included a more balanced sample of front than of back vowels, and the back vowels are probably in reality more separated than this plot indicates. (2016) Click Loss, Variation and Acquisition in Two South African Ndebele Varieties. Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Gowlett, D. F. & ga] dog spoken by a male speaker. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. Despite the fact that the lexical tone after the depressor is high (Rycroft 1981), the onset F0 is about 30 Hz lower than the low tone onset after the non-depressor, and a rapid pitch fall begins during the vowel which precedes the depressor. (1974) Introduction to the Speech Sounds and Speech Sound Changes of Tsonga. Pharyngealised vowels occur in a few other Bantu languages including Gyele A801 (Blench 2011) and Jarawan Bantu (Rueck et al. As The means for /e o/ plotted here do not include tokens of these raised variants. 23: 120. Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand Press. Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). 1987). Changes in larynx activity can be variously timed in relation to the action in the oral cavity, and to the timing of movements raising and lowering the velum. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics (1990) Depression Without Depressors. (2010) More on Post-Nasal Devoicing: The Case of Shekgalagari. . , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. It has even been used for those which may simply block a raising or high-tone spreading process. Traill, A. Ladefoged Stress in Bantu often falls on the penult, typically with vowel lengthening, but stem-initial prominence also occurs (Downing 2010). Naidoo, S. Aberdeen: G. & W. Fraser, Belmont Works. Prieto In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. & J. D. M. Namaseb (2015) Insights from the Field. Create a chart to keep track of your information. Vossen, R. Downing, L. J. Pretoria: J.L. 36(1): 6792. Paris: Socit des Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France avec le concours du Groupe dEtudes et de Recherches en Linguistique Applique, Universit Nationale du Rwanda. are higher compared to , | Africa | Cambridge Core Home > Journals > Africa > Volume 19 Issue 1 > The Classification of the Bantu Languages. , 1989: 54). (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. Peter Nurse, D. This is particularly apparent for the front vowels, which are equally spaced from each other. Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). In addition we may note that the front pair /i/ and // and the back pair /u/ and // have F2 values which are identical or nearly so, whereas Nyamwezi F22 /e o/ have F2 values intermediate between the higher and lower vowels in the system. A. Heerbaart Nabirye, M. (2008) Click Cavity Formation and Dissolution in IsiXhosa: Viewing Clicks with High-Speed Ultrasound. (1969) Bantu Lexical Reconstructions. Louw Online publication date: January 2019. (Available online at. Makuya , Following Traill et al. The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. K. (eds. Super-close vowels were reconstructed in order to account for the set of sound changes known as Bantu Spirantization, but recent reconstructions have abandoned this explanation (Schadeberg 1995, Bastin et al. Rwanda JD61 contrasts long and short vowels yet also has vowel lengthening before NC as well as after a consonant-glide sequence (Myers 2005). (2008) Shekgalagari Grammar: A Descriptive Analysis of the Language and its Vocabulary. van Schaik. In Aspiration is a contrastive property of voiceless stops (and affricates) in some languages where it is often a reflex of an earlier voiceless prenasalised stop (cf. Dental and lateral clicks are sometimes called noisy, affricated, or pre-affricated (Roux 2007), while the (post-)alveolar is described as abrupt or unaffricated. Palatal clicks in Yeyi R41 are somewhat fricated (Fulop et al. Recordings made by the first author of two other female speakers of Kalanga S16, one from Francistown in Botswana and one from Zimbabwe, did not replicate the pattern suggested by Mathangwane. Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. Tokyo: ILCAA. London: Gregg International. Downing, L. J. Figure 3.13 Figure 3.32 Reports and Papers, 307450. Kim, S.-A. Because the velar stop burst in the weak click [] is louder than the anterior click burst, it is perhaps not surprising that [k] has come to replace [] for some speakers. 36(2): 193232. F. N. Narrowing the pharynx raises the first formant, other things being equal. van der Merwe In each case the putatively [ATR] vowel has a substantially higher first formant (hence a lower position on the chart) than its harmonic counterpart. In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). Trinta A. & (2014). For example, the Bantu languages provide very striking examples of vowels affecting consonant realisations, particularly considered diachronically, and the nature of particular segments also has significant impacts on prosodic quantity and on tonal patterns. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. (1999) The Phonetic Status of the Labial Flap. Soquet Clicks have been reported to occur in Ikuhane, or Botswanan Subiya (Ndana et al. (1931b) Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. 1951. New York: Springer. (2015) A surface constraint in Xitsonga: *Li. 1999). Phonetica The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in Braver, A. & Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). Hamlaoui (2009) NUGL Online: The Online Version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a Referential Classification of the Bantu Languages (4 Juni 2009) (Available online at. , Kodzasov, S. V. A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. , A plot of vowel distribution in Nyamwezi F22 is shown in (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. Arvaniti 31: 179198. . Because the place of the dorsal closure is not contrastive, it is not necessary to indicate the (velar in this case) place before the click type symbol. (eds. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. 32(1): 115. , ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics, Cologne, 1721 August 2009, 219224. J. I. Riera 2016). Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Thomas-Vilakatis aerodynamic data also reflect the different dynamics of the affricated and abrupt clicks. Beddor, P. S. , (eds. S. , 2011, Boyer & Zsiga 2013). also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). (1896) tudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambze. , , T. N. , & Maho, J. F. (2006) Just Put Your Lips Together and Blow? in the word /ko/ avarice has a higher F2 (above 1000 Hz), and the higher formants are much more prominent than those of /o/. This pattern of co-occurrences is not one which suggests a phonological role for ATR. Bako & Journal of Phonetics O. 2010), and in Tswana S31 only for some speakers (Coetzee & Pretorius 2010). In (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. van der Hulst, H. G. ed. Figure 3.24 All nouns comprise a stem and one of a set of singular and plural prefixes and are grouped into classes (genders) on the basis of these markers. C. The small arrows on the waveform show a distinct anterior and dorsal burst on the first click. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. There are several hundred Bantu languages. 25(1): 2960. ] and to be invariably long. Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen Bolzano: Bozen-Bolzano University Press. Schadeberg, T. C. Oxford: Clarendon Press. O. 74: 1634. The segments labelled as implosives are sometimes described as if a glottal constriction is characteristic of their production. , Peak negative pressure in the three click types of Zulu S42 means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers. In Zulu the passive form is marked by the suffix -wa, as in thanda love and thandwa be loved; the reciprocal by -an, e.g., thand-an-a love one another; the causative by -is, e.g., thand-is-a; the applied form (for, on behalf of) by -el, e.g., thand-el-a; the intensive by -isis, e.g., thand-isis-a love exceedingly; and the diminutive by reduplication. & Wright, R. T. I: 2732. (ed. Aspects of the original sequencing of nasal + oral and voiced + voiceless portions found in prenasalised stops are sometimes retained and small variations in the timing and magnitude of the different component gestures create quite large variability in the acoustic pattern of these segments as critical alignments are made or missed. & 42: 175187. Figure 3.19 (eds. In Journal of Phonetics Ndinga-Koumba-Binza Berkeley: University of California Press. Biesele 8: 525562. Shona S10 and Kalanga S16 are also marked by the occurrence of a type of labialisation co-produced with alveolar fricatives which have led to these segments being named whistled, or whistling fricatives (Doke 1931a, Bladon et al. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Nurse, D. van Zanten (1978) Experimental Study of Implosive and Voiced Egressive Stops in Shona: An Interim Report. Studies in African Linguistics Other studies of coarticulation in Bantu languages have not looked at voicing contrasts (Manuel 1987, Beddor et al. Hyman, L. M. In (1914) La langue Thonga. 2009b, Miller 2010, 2016). M. Krakow Paulian, C. E. In South-East Bantu languages, three contrastive click types are found, and probably no more than seven accompaniments are used. Louwrens Wentzel Gieseke, S. Stanford: CSLI Publications. Ngcobo Gunnink ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 195222. Ian Maddieson Examples are given in Dorsal closures for all three click types in Thomas-Vilakatis data are held for about 175 milliseconds, but the front closures show some significant timing differences. (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. Zulu S42 has four different accompaniments to its three click types: plain (voiceless unaspirated), voiceless aspirated, voiced and voiced nasalised. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2014, Braver 2017). Z. An acoustic artefact of recording in the cylindrical metallic MRI scanner bore is a series of echoes spaced at 53 ms intervals. (1990) Studies in Shona Phonetics: An Analytical Review. In Zulu S42, implosive [] tends to have a shorter closure duration and lower amplitude burst than plosive [b] (Naidoo 2010). Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. (2013) Phonological Devoicing and Phonetic Voicing in Setswana. In . . (2002) Phonetic Characteristics of an Unexploded Palatal Implosive in Hendo. In Bantu peoples, the approximately 85 million speakers of the more than 500 distinct languages of the Bantu subgroup of the Niger-Congo language family, occupying almost the entire southern projection of the African continent. The Bantu languages are spoken in a very large area, including most of Africa from southern Cameroon eastward to Kenya and southward to the southernmost tip of the continent. Odden, D. In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. An interesting process of intensification of secondary articulations into obstruents occurs, inter alia, in Rwanda JD61 (Jouannet 1983) and Shona S10 (Doke 1931a). Chewa N31b and Tumbuka N21, for instance, do not have focus prosody (Downing 2016). The functional load of clicks varies across languages, as detailed in Pakendorf et al. (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. Phonology & In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. C. J. . Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Paper presented at West African Phonology Group, London, 28th April, 2011. (1989) Dental and Alveolar Stops in KiMvita Swahili: An Electropalatographic Study. & Doke, C. M. & & The vowels of the five-vowel systems are therefore usually transcribed as /i e a o u/ and the seven-vowel systems are most often transcribed as /i e a o u/ (Hyman 1999). Miller, A. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Lindblom Figure 3.35 Maddieson (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Matumbi P13 has been claimed to have super-close vowels /i u/ (Odden 1996: 5), but the description of the contrast between /i u/ and /i u/ as being roughly equivalent to the contrast between [], [] and [i], [u] suggests that the vowels likely contrast tongue root position (ATR) rather than tongue height. Vowel and Nasal Harmony in Bantu Languages. A. In Northern Sotho S32, however, there is speaker variation in the position of the F0 peak, which may occur somewhere between the second and the third syllable, counting from the high-tone-bearing, verbstem initial syllable (Zerbian 2009). Moshi Here a pair of vowels in the front and a pair of vowel in the back have such low values of F1 that they are all appropriately considered to be high vowels. (1981) A Handbook of the Venda Language. Time-aligned audio and video data of a Swati S43 dental click and following vowel in the syllable ngca / Figure 3.12 Ondo Nyambo JE21 is similar to Sukuma in its pattern. K. W. Bokamba, E. G. Most of the languages have relatively limited sets of fricatives of the cross-linguistically common types, although lateral fricatives (and affricates) have developed in or been borrowed into a number of the southern languages, such as Sotho-Tswana S30, Xhosa S41 and Zulu S42. Fehn In (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. Harare: University of Zimbabwe. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society. Swahili, which is spoken by five million people as a mother tongue and some 30 million as a second language, is a Bantu lingua franca important in both commerce and literature. M. (1971) An Outline Structure of Southern Sotho. Figure 3.13 Bailey Baumbach, E. J. M. (2016b) Introduction. This is not surprising, as retracting the tongue root is more likely to pull the tongue back and down when the tongue body position is front.
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