primate sensitivity definition

New Human impacts and the global distribution of extinction risk. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press (1988). The order Primates, including more than 500 species, is the third most diverse order of mammals, after rodents (Rodentia) and bats (Chiroptera). 7. Lond. New York: Oxford University Press (2013). Dean, L. G., Vale, G. L. et al. Am. To save this word, you'll need to log in. J. Primatol. Appl. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Monogr. Vijay, V., Pimm, S. L., Jenkins, C. N. & Smith, S. J. The impacts of oil palm on recent deforestation and biodiversity loss. B 365, 37293742 (2010). Woodruff, D. S. Biogeography and conservation in Southeast Asia: how 2.7 million years of repeated environmental fluctuations affect todays patterns and the future of the remaining refugial-phase biodiversity. Animal Behaviour 61, 139-151 (2001). Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. is complex. Tufted capuchin monkeys use anti-predator calls to usurp resources from conspecifics. They won't help us The predictability of extinction: biological and external correlates of decline in mammals. Lond. Five groups of living strepsirrhines are found only on the island of Madagascar off the coast of Africa. Social learning has been reported for many primate species but do they have cultures like us? Natl Acad. 1. Although scientists dont know exactly what Earths climate sensitivity is, its a useful concept for thinking about the range of risks we face from climate change: from slower and more manageable consequences if our climate sensitivity is low, to faster and more dire changes if its high. Tutin, C. E., Ham, R. M., White, L. J. A. Climate models are computer programs that simulate weather patterns over time. Ecol. The first four traits enhance dexterity and enable primates to use their hands and feet differently from other mammals. Ecology 90, 26482648 (2009). On the other hand, even among chimpanzees, behaviours which help a partner are seen outside of the food context (e.g., helping; Warneken & Tomasello, 2006). imitation: Copying the exact behaviours demonstrated by another. Olthof, A., Iden, C. M. & Roberts, W. A. Am. Clim. Inoue, S. & Matsuzawa, T. Working memory of numerals in chimpanzees. There Am. it is where some of the oldest primate fossils have been found. I shall largely use this simplified primate [ pr mt ] Any of various mammals of the order Primates, having a highly developed brain, eyes facing forward, a shortened nose and muzzle, and opposable thumbs. Eric I. Ameca. Knutson, T. R. et al. prosimian in the Eocene (50 mya), which then adapted to fill the Scientists call these factors feedback effects, and they can make predicting the planets future climate more complicated. 29, 445456 (2002). (Mivart 1873), Unguiculate - possessing nails, hooves or claws, Claviculate - possessing a clavicle (collar bone). Science 312, 1038-1040 (2006a). Biol. not. Shock and stabilisation following longterm drought in tropical forest from 15 years of litterfall dynamics. Hot and bothered: using trait-based approaches to assess climate change vulnerability in reptiles. Abundant Animals: The Most Numerous Organisms in the World. Nat. (credit: Bonobo Plankendaal by Marie van Dieren/flickr, CC BY 2.0), This chimpanzee lives in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania. [count] 1. : any member of the group of animals that includes human beings, apes, and monkeys. In fact, they can become so stressed that they die by suicide by banging their heads against tree trunks. Fimbel, C. Ecological correlates of species success in modified habitats may be disturbance-specific and site-specificthe primates of Tiwai Island. traditions: "enduring behaviour patterns shared among members of a group that depend to a measurable degree on social contributions to individual learning, resulting in shared practices among members of a group" (Fragaszy & Perry, 2003, p.3). The scope of culture in chimpanzees, humans and ancestral apes. Current Biology 16,1232-1237 (2006). Climate-change-driven alterations in the extent and intensity of extreme weather events may have catastrophic consequences for primate populations. To gain insight into our own cognitive evolution, we can look to our closest living ancestors; our nonhuman primate cousins. This book uses the Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to change in response to stimuli or inputs from the environment. Note, primates move about their territory but may only travel within small subsections each day. Whereas all other mammals have claws or hooves on their digits, only primates have flat nails. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (2009). Clim. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366, 1017-1027 (2011). Scientists use these models to predict how the climate might change in the future. R. Soc. Caldwell, C. A. & Tomasello, M. Do chimpanzees reciprocate received favours? Whiten, A. Biol. Jones, K. E. et al. Burkart, J. M., Fehr, E. et al. (prmt) Any of various mammals of the order Primates, which consists of the lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and apes including humans, and is characterized by nails on the hands and feet, a short snout, and a large brain. Extinction vulnerability of coral reef fishes. Primate ecology is the study of the relationship between primates and their environment. While cooperation is common, prosocial behaviour is more rare. Cowlishaw, G., Pettifor, R. A. Res. & Serio-Silva, J. C. Impacts of temperature on behaviour of the Mexican endangered black howler monkey Alouatta pigra Lawrence, 1933 (Primates: Atelidae) in a fragmented landscape. Climate scientists also agree that it will take some time for the worlds climate to stabilize after emissions level off. This has been Myers, P. et al. They indicate a need for increased efforts to investigate the context-specific mechanisms underpinning primates vulnerability to extreme climatic events. that Madagascar was probably colonized by a chance rafting of an early Cognitive culture: theoretical and empirical insights into social learning strategies. Change Biol. Warneken, F. & Tomasello, M. Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. 30, 743748 (2009). Journal of Comparative Psychology 121, 12-21(2007). The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! The behavioural response studied is inequity aversion' vis--vis a sense of unfairness (see Brosnan, 2006, for further discussion). Latent inhibition is a phenomenon that can impact how we learn and behave by affecting the processing of information. PLoS ONE 4, e5116 (2009). Levy, O., Dayan, T., Porter, W. P. and Kronfeld-Schor, N. Time and ecological resilience: can diurnal animals compensate for climate change by shifting to nocturnal activity? very impressive adaptations that the OWMs lack such as prehensile tails. Biol. in an exam, but an appreciation of the wide variation in these animals Brosnan, S. F. & Hopper, L. M. Cooperation, behavioral diversity and inequity responses. Davies, R. G. et al. J. Primatol. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! cooperative breeders: Social system in which young are cared for by both parents and, often, their mature offspring. 179183 (American Meteorological Society, 1993). Locomotor specializations: vertical clinging and leaping, slow Adv. Foden, W. B. Responses to the assurance game in monkeys, apes, and humans using equivalent procedures. Cumulative culture has been proposed to describe the underlying mechanism that has allowed for the development of our complex technologies. Recent correspondence in Clinical Chemistry relating to the meaning of the term "sensitivity" has fortuitously coincided with an e-mail discussion on the same topic (ACB Newsgroup; [email protected]), in the course of whichin contrast to comments by the Editor of this journal ()one of us (R.E.) attempt to map out a likely family tree, concentrating more on the Change 3, 5258 (2013). PLoS ONE 6, e16863 (2011). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (2005). Ecol. Pacifici, M. et al. 165, 290297 (2004). Alencar, A., Nepstad, D. & Diaz, M. C. V. Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: area burned and committed carbon emissions. Generous leaders and selfish underdogs: Pro-sociality in despotic macaques.PLoS ONE 5, e9734 (2010). J. Phys. American marsupials), though there is also one nocturnal NWM, Aotus, 204, 3241 (2016). Climatol. L.Z. The Quarterly Review of Biology 67, 151-174 (1992). PubMedGoogle Scholar. This page has been archived and is no longer updated. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">, insanlar ve maymunlar ieren hayvanlar grubu yesi, ilk yaratklar, bapiskopos, tng gim mc, thnh vin ca b ng vt c v pht trin nht, Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. Tomasello, M. The Cultural Origins of Human Cognition. Conroy's "Primate Evolution". Navigating the Social World: What Infants, Children, and Other Species Can Teach Us. & Lawler, J. J. Dispersal will limit ability of mammals to track climate change in the Western Hemisphere. The two environments also show differences in gender roles with both males and females in the Fongoli savannah group involved in hunting while only male chimpanzees hunt in the rainforests. The Catarrhini, or catarrhines, are found throughout Africa and Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 365, 2593-2598 (2010). 34, 325333 (2007). All animals have to negotiate their environment to allow them to forage for food, avoid predation and find mates. & Farahmand, A. Ban, S., Boesch, C. & Janmaat, K. L. Ta chimpanzees anticipate revisiting high-valued fruit trees from further distances. Brosnan, S. F., Houser, D. et al. Graham, N. A. J. et al. A primate city is similar to other major capital cities in that it can provide educational and economic opportunities that other parts of the country cannot. J. Ecol. home range: The territory which a primate, or group of primates, occupies. Snchez-Galvn, I. R., Daz-Castelazo, C. & Rico-Gray, V. Effect of Hurricane Karl on a plantant network occurring in coastal Veracruz, Mexico. Although there are some notable variations between some primate groups, they share several anatomic and functional characteristics reflective of their common ancestry. become clearer as the course progresses. calcarine fissure; the innermost digit of at least one pair of Harcourt, A. H., Coppeto, S. A. Reader, S. M., Hager, Y. Examples of Hominoidea include gibbons, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, and humans. Proc. Carnicer, J. et al. developed tail - prehensile in some groups, Gibbons Conserv. Conserv. Primates in Communities: The Ecology of Competitive, Predatory, Parasitic, and Mutualistic Interactions Between Primates and Other Species. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), MIT News: "Climate sensitivity explained", Carbon Brief: "How scientists estimate climate sensitivity", Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: "The Physical Science Basis of Climate Change" (Report), MIT EdX: "Global warming science" (Online Class), TILclimate Educator Guide: Climate Models and Uncertainty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 13847-13851 (2011). Biological Reviews 89, 284-301 (2014). Journal of Comparative Psychology 114, 47-60 (2000). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1999). 106, 16731682 (2018). 17, 733743 (2003). Tomasello, M. & Call, J. Primate Cognition. volume9,pages 554561 (2019)Cite this article, An Author Correction to this article was published on 10 September 2019. American Journal of Primatology 7, 73-88 (1984). Animal Behavior 76, 951-962 (2008). 18, 487502 (2009). B 367, 29902997 (2012). They become more active at night to hunt, mate, or avoid heat and predators. Tarsiers are also the only primate carnivore, eating largely flying insects and sometimes small animals like bats and lizards. Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal. Learn more. & Isaac, N. J. Vulnerability and threatened categories in IUCN Red List of assessed primate taxa. 6, 257260 (2010). Terrestrial behavior of Ateles spp. B. tarsiers? 19, 919941 (2010). Nocturnal animals have evolved physical. Rendell, L., Fogarty, L. et al. The species are characterized especially by advanced development of binocular vision, specialization of the appendages for grasping, and enlargement of the cerebral hemispheres. Primates constitute an order of the class Mammalia of zoology that includes the lorises, lemurs, monkeys, tarsiers, apes, and humans. Sci. Conserv. Their environment includes not only the physical environment (e.g., trees, water, weather) but also the other animals in the environment, including other non-human primates and even humans. Ambio 43, 839846 (2014). Learning from others' mistakes? This Explainer was adapted from Explained: Climate Sensitivity by David Chandler, which originally appeared in MIT News. Compare with emulation' in which an individual merely replicates the goal or end-state of a novel behaviour performed by others. contracts here. J. Biogeogr. Small-Lorenz, S. L., Culp, L. A., Ryder, T. B., Will, T. C. & Marra, P. P. A blind spot in climate change vulnerability assessments. Trans. You have authorized LearnCasting of your reading list in Scitable. leading to a facultative bipedalism. 2, 125142 (2011). The word in the example sentence does not match the entry word. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, International Journal of Primatology (2022), Nature Climate Change (Nat. So too does primates possession of specialized nerve endings (Meissners corpuscles) in the hands and feet that increase tactile sensitivity. Primate taxonomy is one Clouds can warm or cool the planet, depending on how high they are and the size of their water droplets. Competing demands of prosociality and equity in monkeys. Chapter 7: The Earths energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity. Trends Ecol. Glob. Nonlin. Meet the Living Primates. Cambridge University Press. As a result, B acquires knowledge or learns a skills earlier in life or more rapidly or efficiently than it might otherwise do, or that it would not learn at all" (Caro & Hauser, 1992, p. 153). In Proc. even derived, but are retentions of ancestral features, which is 186, 204213 (2015). Extreme events: dynamics, statistics and prediction. of Chicago Press, 2000). Supplementary Tables 14 and Supplementary Figures 13. Each of these zones has produced in its resident primates the appropriate adaptations, but there is perhaps more diversity of bodily form among forest-living species than among savanna inhabitants. fact, it seems likely that Madagascar was colonised by a small number of dealing with very early mammals, to decide whether they are primates or Evol. While climate sensitivity can help us understand our climate risks today, we shouldnt get too hung up on an exact number. The angiosperm theory states that the basic primate traits developed in coevolution with the rise of flowering plants, also known as angiosperms. Clim. 2. They are found in & Call, J. Apes save tools for future use. Santorelli, C. J., Schaffner, C. M. et al. B 276, 6369 (2008). Nat. R. Soc. 11. 371-376). PLoS ONE 11, e0159668 (2016). Faculty of Biology, University of Veracruz, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China, Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Climate Change Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland, Institute of Zoology, The Zoological Society of London, London, UK, South African National Parks, Cape Research Centre, Tokai Park, Cape Town, South Africa, Global Change Biology Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa, Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK, You can also search for this author in To obtain citation tool such as, Authors: Jennifer Hasty, David G. Lewis, Marjorie M. Snipes. Melis, A. P., Hare, B. Sci. Bhm, M. et al. & Marshall, A. J. The order Primates contains more than 300 species, and it is the third most diverse order of class Mammalia after order Rodentia (rodents) and order Chiroptera (bats). The skin of the primate hand is well adapted for tactile discrimination. and G.C. What Influences the Size of Groups in Which Primates Choose to Live? Assessing species vulnerability to climate change. 18, 295350 (2011). teaching: "An individual actor A can be said to teach if it modifies its behaviour only in the presence of a naive observer, B, at some cost or at least without obtaining an immediate benefit for itself. Nat. Whitmee, S. & Orme, C. D. L. Predicting dispersal distance in mammals: a traitbased approach. USA 114, 32523257 (2017). Apes evolved from catarrhines in Africa during the Miocene Epoch. Proc. Brashares, J. S. Ecological, behavioural and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa. contributed in the design of the vulnerability framework proposed by L.Z. Nglish: Translation of primate for Spanish Speakers, Britannica English: Translation of primate for Arabic Speakers, Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about primate. Caldwell, C. A., Schillinger, K., Evans, C. L. & Hopper, L. M. End state copying by humans (Homo sapiens): Implications for a comparative perspective on cumulative culture. OGrady, J. J., Reed, D. H., Brook, B. W. & Frankham, R. Extinction risk scales better to generations than to years. Thomas, C. D. et al. Spontaneous prosocial choice by chimpanzees. This group may be Frontiers in Decision Neuroscience 5, 43 (2011). & Mannu, M. Semifree-ranging Tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) spontaneously use tools to crack open nuts. Bulg. Fardi, S., Sauther, M. L., Cuozzo, F. P., Jacky, I. Schneider, U. et al. & Millen, A. E. Social learning mechanisms and cumulative cultural evolution: Is imitation necessary? The common ancestors of all primates evolved an opposable thumb that helped them grasp branches. Given this, along with the mounting evidence that primates are able to copy even complex tool-use behaviours from observing others (Price et al., 2009), what can explain the relative paucity of the cultural worlds of our closest-living relatives, especially for the chimpanzee? AghaKouchak, A., Cheng, L., Mazdiyasni, O. Change 5, 215224 (2015). Z.) Updated December 16, 2021. Mulcahy, N. J. Press, 1998). Quantifying killing of orangutans and humanorangutan conflict in Kalimantan, Indonesia. 8, 106113 (1994). (credit: Dawn Armfield/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain), The hands of this bonobo, including its opposable thumbs, look very similar to human hands. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Other causes of widespread population declines include hunting and poaching, the pet trade, the illegal trade in primate body parts, and the susceptibility of some primates to infection with human diseases. fission-fusion: In which a group of individuals breaks ups and reforms over the course of a day or week meaning that each party size represents a subset of total group size. Will extreme climatic events facilitate biological invasions? Struhsaker, T. T. A recensus of vervet monkeys in the MasaiAmboseli Game Reserve, Kenya. Anim. Lett. There are seven families of living strepsirrhines, and all of them are found in what anthropologists refer to as the Old World, which consists of the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Ameca y Jurez, E. I., Ellis, E. A. B 275, 14411448 (2008). Sheffield, J., Wood, E. F. & Roderick, M. L. Little change in global drought over the past 60 years. in general, most people classify them separately. Some primates do have claws, but even among these there is a flat nail on the big toe (hallux). Progressive development of truncal uprightness Loss of certain elements of the primitive the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Pouydebat, E., Gorce, P. et al. conceived and designed the study. Thus, the key ability here is not just in copying others, but determining when to do so (Rendell et al., 2011). Cardillo, M. et al. A framework for assessing threats and benefits to species responding to climate change. Estrada, A. et al. Press, 2019). Trenberth, K. E. et al. Do you want to LearnCast this session? The food supply becomes more unstable, with periodic food shocks across regions. Proc. (credit: Chimp Eden Sanctuary Mimi by Afrika Force/flickr, CC BY 2.0), https://openstax.org/books/introduction-anthropology/pages/1-introduction, https://openstax.org/books/introduction-anthropology/pages/4-5-what-is-a-primate, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. & Harrison, M. J. 5. In. Schmitt, V. & Fischer, J. Representational format determines numerical competence in monkeys. 0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? The Animal Diversity Web (Univ. Bates, L. A. Visalberghi, E., & Tomasello, M. Primate causal understanding in the physical and psychological domains. Horner, V. & Whiten, A. Int. The ability of primates to learn socially from one another, taking advantage of the knowledge of others, blurs the distinction between how they learn about their physical and social worlds (van Schaik & Burkart, 2011). Change 3, 78 (2013). Proc. Animal Cognition (EPUB 2014) doi:10.1007/s10071-014-0771-y. reviewed and collected data. Purvis, A., Gittleman, J. L., Cowlishaw, G. & Mace, G. M. Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Using a trait-based approach, we assessed the vulnerability of the worlds 607 primate taxa to effects of cyclones and droughtstwo types of extreme climatic events that are expected to increase and/or intensify in the future. & Notman, H. in Primate Research and Conservation in the Anthropocene, Vol. Climate scientists agree that with no feedback effects at all, our climate sensitivity would be just 1 . Describe the relationship between primate behavior and environment. Identify different types of traits that we use to evaluate primate taxa. Flowering plants provide numerous resources, including nectar, seeds, and fruits, and their appearance and diversification were accompanied by the appearance of ancestral forms of major groups of modern birds and mammals. 26, 10391051 (2005). Britannica Dictionary definition of PRIMATE. 3, 157163 (2010). Mulcahy, N. J. Buddy co-star Cumming pledging a $10,000 reward for anyone who can find the, Lead zookeeper Jessica Gring helped Zoe practice with the toy almost daily in the months leading up to the, One study was a genetic analysis conducted in nonhuman, Sinclair expects to release results of his study which tests this concept in, Since March 6th, when Kirill, the patriarch of Moscow and, Researchers from the Institute for Ecological Research (IP) knew that restoring the, Post the Definition of primate to Facebook, Share the Definition of primate on Twitter. R. Soc. Our . want to see others, then you should look at appendix D at the back of Clim. Dispersal and species responses to climate change. Rowland, L. et al. theory of mind: The attribution of mental states such as beliefs, thoughts, desires and intentions to oneself and others. Primates are able to use their skills in social cognition to their advantage by manipulating the behaviour of others. Monkeys evolved from prosimians during the Oligocene Epoch. 20, 6984 (1999). Natl Acad. Harcourt, A. H. in Behavioral Ecology and Conservation (ed. Replacement of sharp, compressed claws by 12, 13651376 (1998). These include a clawlike nail on the second toe, referred to as a grooming claw, and incisors in the lower jaw that are tightly packed together and protrude from the mouth, forming what is called a toothcomb. Arroyo-Rodrguez, V., Dias, P. A. D. & Cristbal Cristbal-Azkarate, J. in Perspectivas en Primatologa Mexicana 103116 (Universidad Jurez Autnoma de Tabasco, 2011). By the 21st century the populations of approximately 75 percent of all primate species were falling, and some 60 percent were considered either threatened or endangered species. Caro, T. M.) 5679 (Oxford Univ. An important question that primatologists and biological anthropologists seek to answer is the question, do nonhuman primates have culture? Conserv. Conserv. In humans and nonhuman primates, this sensitivity was thought to arise first in the visual cortex 4. Caro, T. M. & Hauser, M. D. Is there teaching in nonhuman animals? America was isolated from the rest of the world in the Eocene and Am. Thus, forward-facing eyes, grasping hands and feet, and the presence of nails instead of claws may not have arisen as adaptations to an arboreal environment. R. Soc. and E.I.A. 5. I mentioned before, there are an awful lot of different ideas about the Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The most distinguishing feature of the hominoids is that they do not have tails and are largely terrestrial, or ground-dwelling. One of the explanations of this difference is that it is the precise pattern of . Dalerum, F. Identifying the role of conservation biology for solving the environmental crisis. The most distinctive feature of the cercopithecoid primates is their molars, which exhibit two parallel ridges. This suborder includes lemurs and lorises. analysed data and all authors contributed greatly to the discussion of results. 4. Dawson, T. P., Jackson, S. T., House, J. I., Prentice, I. C. & Mace, G. M. Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. Schaffner, C. M., Rebecchini, L., Ramos-Fernandez, G., Vick, L. G. & Aureli, F. Spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi yucatenensis) cope with the negative consequences of hurricanes through changes in diet, activity budget, and fissionfusion dynamics. Cheney, D. L. & Seyfarth, R. M. How Monkeys See the World: Inside the Mind of Another Species. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. primate definition: 1. a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and. The original authors are no longer at the University of Leeds, and the former Centre for Human Biology became the School of Biomedical Sciences which is now part of the Faculty of Biological Sciences. Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. development of gestational processes. Primates are characterized by a greater emphasis on vision and a reduced reliance on smell relative to other mammals. de Waal, F. B. M. & Davis, J. M. Capuchin cognitive ecology: Cooperation based on projected returns. 24, 10371055 (2003). are licensed under a, The Study of Humanity, or "Anthropology Is Vast", The Four-Field Approach: Four Approaches within the Guiding Narrative, Western Bias in Our Assumptions about Humanity, Holism, Anthropologys Distinctive Approach, Cross-Cultural Comparison and Cultural Relativism, Reaching for an Insiders Point of View, Culture Concept Theory: Theories of Cultural Change, Biological Evolution and Early Human Evidence, Whats in a Name?
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