which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

The second factor was the disease. This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. "Blasco Nez Vela" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. The Spanish gained an early foothold in the colonies, quickly becoming the most powerful European power in the New World. Spain sought similar wealth, and authorized Columbus's voyage sailing west. 5, p. 453. They were aggressive in making their investment pay, alienating the indigenous populations and Spaniards alike. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. "California Indian Characteristics". Settled from the south were Buenos Aires (1536, 1580); Asuncin (1537); Potos (1545); La Paz, Bolivia (1548); and Tucumn (1553). [114] In areas of previous indigenous empires with settled populations, the crown also melded existing indigenous rule into a Spanish pattern, with the establishment of cabildos and the participation of indigenous elites as officials holding Spanish titles. Spanish conquerors took advantage of indigenous rivalries to forge alliances with groups seeing an advantage for their own goals. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. Religious orders had their own internal regulations and leadership. [35][36], Argentina was not conquered or later exploited in the grand fashion of central Mexico or Peru, since the indigenous population was sparse and there were no precious metals or other valuable resources. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . providing opportunities for colonists to participate in government. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. [13] Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. The empire in the Indies was a newly established dependency of the kingdom of Castile alone, so crown power was not impeded by any existing cortes (i.e. Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. The conquistadors originally organized it as a captaincy general within the Viceroyalty of Peru. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. The Kingdom of Portugal authorized a series of voyages down the coast of Africa and when they rounded the southern tip, were able to sail to India and further east. In central Mexico, there exist minutes of the sixteenth-century meetings in Nahuatl of the Tlaxcala cabildo. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. As was the case in peninsular Spain, Africans (negros) were able buy their freedom (horro), so that in most of the empire free Blacks and Mulatto (Black + Spanish) populations outnumbered slave populations. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. 5, pp. [32] With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. [79], The Valladolid debate (15501551) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers. According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Missions were established with royal authority through the Patronato real. [116], After the reign of Philip II, the municipal offices, including the councilors, were auctioned to alleviate the need for money of the Crown, even the offices could also be sold, which became hereditary,[117] so that the government of the cities went on to hands of urban oligarchies. Q2: Option D. The primary economic interest of French and Dutch colonists in North America was the fur trade. [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. The first settlement of La Navidad, a crude fort built on his first voyage in 1492, had been abandoned by the time he returned in 1493. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. Cities were governed on the same pattern as in Spain and in the Indies the city was the framework of Spanish life. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1964. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. Spain was driven by three main motivations. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. 1 (2012): 26-40. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. Select the correct answer. In August 1521, Corts claimed Tenochtitln for Spain and renamed it, Corts was also aided by a Nahua woman called. [102], In 1524 the Council of the Indies was established, following the system of system of Councils that advised the monarch and made decisions on his behalf about specific matters of government. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. Although their primary focus was on religious conversion, missionaries served as "diplomatic agents, peace emissaries to hostile tribes and they were also expected to hold the line against nomadic nonmissionary Indians as well as other European powers. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. "Kurakas and commerce: a chapter in the evolution of Andean society." They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. The Spanish royal government called its overseas possessions "The Indies" until its empire dissolved in the nineteenth century. 1875. [130] history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Permanent Spanish settlements were founded in New Mexico, starting in 1598, with Santa Fe founded in 1610. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. After several attempts to set up independent states in the 1810s, the kingdom and the viceroyalty ceased to exist altogether in 1819 with the establishment of Gran Colombia. As with many other royal posts, these positions were sold, starting in 1677. increasing colonial ties with English leaders in parliament. Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. [109] They were the "center of the administrative system [and] gave the government of the Indies a strong basis of permanence and continuity. Rowe, John. [77] Upon their failure to effectively protect the indigenous and following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and the Spanish conquest of Peru, more stringent laws to control conquerors' and settlers' exercise of power, especially their maltreatment of the indigenous populations, were promulgated, known as the New Laws (1542). During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. [160] The similarly epic and dark journey of Lope de Aguirre was made into a film by Werner Herzog, Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972), starring Klaus Kinsky. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. [125], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. The Jesuits were effective missionaries in frontier areas until their expulsion from Spain and its empire in 1767.
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